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[Anthea]

13 July 1930 - Zilan Valley massacre

The Islamic and Turkish state doctrine laid down in the constitution of the Turkish Republic of 1924 was not accepted by the Kurds without resistance. The uprising that broke out on February 13, 1925 in Amed (Diyarbakir) under the leadership of the Kurdish Sunni clergyman Şêx Seîdê Pîran (Sheikh Said) started numerous Kurdish rebellions after the end of World War I, which followed the process of the Turkish nation-state formation after the fall of the Ottoman Empire and were directed against the denial of the Kurdish existence, the entry of political autonomy and the fascist policy of Turkification.

On 29 June 1925 Şêx Seîd and his companions were executed, but the Ararat uprisings began the following May. At that time, however, the Turkish government had already established its systematic approach to the Kurdish resistance with its "Reform Plan for the East" (Şark Islahat Planı). Under the cloak of a state of emergency, this plan provided for assimilation measures, including deportations, resettlements and mass murders. With this plan, the Kurdish question was subordinated to the military, which is still noticeable to the near present. What we call the Kurdish question today was created during these years.

Three uprisings on Ararat

The first Ararat uprising failed in 1926 due to its regional limitation and lack of preparation. The second one lasted from 1927 to 1930. In contrast to the first rebellion in the Ararat region, this uprising was the first time that the idea of the unity of all Kurdish groups with the aim of an independent state came up, but it cost many victims and ended with the flight or execution of its leadership.

The third and last Ararat uprising took place in 1930. In the meantime, the Kurdish independence movement Xoybûn, founded in 1927 in Lebanon by intellectuals and feudal lords, had declared its intention to support the uprising. To this end, it sent the former Ottoman officer Ihsan Nuri Pasha, who became the general of the uprising. The partisans led by him conquered an area north of Van on the border with Iran and Bitlis. But in the summer of 1930, 80 Turkish fighter jets and two army corps crushed the independence movement in the Zilan valley in Erciş.

Up to 55,000 dead

90 years later, it is still unclear how many victims the crushing of the last Ararat uprising on 13 July 1930 claimed. According to Cumhuriyet, the most widely read Turkish daily newspaper in the 1930s to 1940s, about 15,000 people died. According to survivors and participants of the uprising, up to 55,000 people were killed in a cruel way: Villagers were tied together and shot with machine-gun fire, people beaten to death and scalped, and pregnant women with their bellies ripped open. However, most of the victims were riddled with machine guns from the Soviet Union. The USSR was then the main supplier of weapons to the Turkish Republic led by the founder of the state, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. For the Turkish newspapers, especially Cumhuriyet, the Kurds were "like the savages of Africa", "cannibals", "bandits" and a "plague on the Turkish race"; the newspapers celebrated the massacre of the Kurds. A few years later, this massacre was to be surpassed: in 1937 and 1938 in Dersim.

Villages burned to the ground after "cleanup"

After the "purge" in the Zilan valley, as the Turkish Republic called the massacre, the property of those killed was handed over to Kurds loyal to the government. Subsequently, at least 60 villages were burned to the ground. According to the Berliner Tageblatt, the Turks even destroyed 220 villages in the Zilan area. The entire area around the valley was confiscated by the state, and years later Kyrgyz and Afghans were settled in some villages that had not fallen victim to the destructive frenzy of Atatürk's soldiers.

Traces of the massacre disappear under dams

In 1992, after almost 14 years of construction, the Koçköprü dam was opened in Erciş. With the flooding of some villages in the Zilan valley, countless mass graves were flooded. Now, in the shadow of the Coronavirus pandemic, the construction of four hydroelectric power plants has resumed in the valley - despite a court order to stop construction. This would mean that all mass graves with the remains of thousands of people killed in the Zilan massacre in 1930 would disappear into reservoirs. The genocides of the past are to be covered up by new crimes and people and environment in Kurdistan are to be destroyed. The country governed by Erdoğan remains true to its role as a conflict generator once again.

[Anthea]

The red sky: Zilan massacre

During the first decades of the twentieth century, ethnic and religious minorities in modern-day Turkey experienced untold violence and displacement in state-driven Turkification efforts

YouTube Documentary:
Zilan Massacre of 1930 by the Turkish army

phpBB [video]

Direct Link to Video:
https://youtu.be/iTv6JH3_0hQ

The attempted assimilation of south-east Turkey’s Kurdish population through brutal force, led to a number of rebellions, subsequently put down by the central government forces, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths.

Between the 1920s and 40s, at least four massacres took place against Kurds in Sivas, Diyarbakir, Agri, and Dersim (presently called Tunceli).

In this newly released documentary, entitled ‘The red sky: Zilan massacre,’ survivors of a horrific massacre in Van province recount the tragedy that befell them at the hands of Turkish soldiers in the summer of 1930.

While the numbers of those said to have been killed during the event vary, those who survived the incident put the numbers at around 45,000 deaths.

“The sweeping began. All those in the Zilan Valley were exterminated, and none of them survived,” read the front page of Cumhuriyet, one of Turkey's most-read newspapers at the time, on July 13, 1930.

Witnesses of the event interviewed by Rudaw between September 2014 and June 2015 vividly recall the intimate details of those caught up in the wide-scale violence.

“With my own eyes, I saw them tear apart a pregnant woman's stomach open, taking the baby out and placing it on her chest,” Osman Illeri, a survivor, recalled. “The soldiers were betting among themselves on the sex of the baby.”

https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeas ... y/21092020

[Anthea]

Crushing Kurdish rebellion

Almost a century on, Kurdish memories of Turkey’s Zilan Valley massacre have yet to fade

Ninety years ago, Turkish soldiers sought to silence Kurdish rebellion in eastern Turkey by carrying out a massacre. As punishment for Kurdish refusal to bow to the assimilationist policies of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk’s new Republic, thousands of men, women, and children were killed in the scenic Zilan Valley, Van province.

Memories of the massacre remain all too clear to the aged survivors. Interviewed by Rudaw between September 2014 and June 2015, they vividly recalled horrific violence at the hands of Turkish soldiers, and the deep sacrifices made by villagers desperate to escape their wrath. The interviews formed part of a documentary called The red sky: Zilan Massacre, aired by Rudaw in September 2020.

Crushing Kurdish rebellion

To create a culturally and socially homogenous Turkey, Ataturk’s government banished and displaced non-Muslim ethnic minorities. For the Muslim-majority Kurds, the Turkish government’s plan was forced assimilation.

A number of Kurdish rebellions against the policy were summarily crushed by Turkish forces. In 1927, Turkish Kurds exiled in Lebanon established the Xoybun (Khoybun) Association, a Kurdish nationalist organization that sought to unify and galvanise Kurds to act against the Turkish state.

The next year, Xoybun sent Ihsan Nuri Pasha – a Kurdish former officer for the Turkish army and the Ottoman Empire – to Sarhad (Sarhat), a predominantly Kurdish stretch of eastern Turkey that includes the provinces of Bingol, Erzurum, Mus, Agri, Van and Kars. Led by Nuri Pasha, a Kurdish force undertook a stubborn rebellion.

By the end of 1929, a decision was made by President Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and his cabinet to deploy thousands of soldiers to Sarhad to reinforce the contingent of soldiers already taking on the Kurdish rebels.

On July 8, 1930, two Turkish army corps and 80 aircraft were sent east to silence the Kurdish rebellion. The Kurdish rebels were “eradicated” in four days, according to Ankara University research that cites a report from the time by state-owned Anadolu Agency.

The next morning’s edition of Cumhuriyet, then a state-linked newspaper, described the outcome of the operation in no uncertain terms. “The sweeping began. All those in the Zilan Valley were exterminated, and none of them survived,” the front page read.

The newspaper put the number of deaths at more than 15,000; survivors told Rudaw that they estimate the death toll to stand three times higher, at 45,000.

Lots of Kurds had no affiliation with the rebellion; some had no idea it was even happening. But the army saw all of the Zilan Valley’s Kurdish inhabitants as enemies, and undertook acts of indiscriminate violence to exact its revenge.

Zilan Valley local Abdulbaki Celebi was told the story of the village of Burhan by friend Haji Hamid. Hamid had run to Burhan to seek safety from Turkish soldiers; instead, he was welcomed by horror.

Burhan had been set alight by Turkish soldiers, its residents locked in their homes and left to burn to death, Hamid told Abdulbaki. The village was filled with “‘the stench of burned bodies’” and the “‘sound of people burning’”.

Massacre survivor Osman Ileri told Rudaw that he saw Turkish soldiers enact untold pain on a pregnant Kurdish woman, all for the sake of a gruesome bet.

“The soldiers were betting among themselves on the sex of the baby… so they ripped the baby out of her body, just to figure out if it was a boy or a girl,” Osman said.

While playing dead in a pile of unarmed corpses, massacre survivor Tahir Nas saw Turkish soldiers come back to assess the damage – and to claim some of the spoils of their war.

“With my own eyes, I saw a young woman lying dead on her back. A soldier approached the body and lifted up her hand. He did all he could to take the ring off of her finger, but he couldn't do it,” Tahir said. “I clearly remember him breaking her finger to take the ring off.”

Survivor Abdulbaki Celebi recounted the story of a woman, Rabia, who sought escape from the village of Sarko in Ercis (Erdis), baby in her arms, by following a fleeing family.

Rabia’s restless child cried as they attempted to break out of Sarko, a vocal alert to any Turkish soldier close by. A man in the family guiding Rabia to freedom warned they would abandon her if she could not keep the infant quiet.

“I blocked the child's mouth tightly with my stomach,” Rabia told Abdulbaki. “After a short while, I saw that my child had suffocated.”

“We left him under a tree, and then we were on the move again.”

After slaughtering thousands of Kurds, the government finally announced an amnesty – saving some of the more fortunate Kurds from the firing line in the nick of time, as survivor Riza Sargut recounted.

“They placed all of us up against a wall. They lined us up with heavy weapons, pointing them at us to kill us with rounds of live ammunition. We noticed a horseman approaching us, carrying a letter and handing it to the commander. The commander said, 'An amnesty has been issued for you',” Riza said.

“When we heard we'd been pardoned, we were as joyful as lambs and kids when they're together. We ran around in sheer happiness, thanking God that our lives had been spared.”

After the massacre, Turkey banned survivors from returning to their homes, even though they had official documents proving ownership.

Instead, the government would move hundreds of Kyrgyz people into what were once the homes of Kurds; these Kyrgyz settlers would take up arms for the Turkish government in the 1980s in its war against the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), an armed group that continues to struggle for Kurdish cultural and political rights in Turkey.

So many decades later, pain persists among the few remaining survivors.

”Is this justice? Is this justice? Must these things happen?” survivor Abdulrahman Gurbuz asked of the massacre.

https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeas ... /081020201

[Anthea]

Zilan massacre

Headline of the daily Cumhuriyet dated July 13, 1930: "Cleaning started, the ones at Zeylân valley were completely annihilated, None of them survived, operation at Ağrı are continuing. Ankara 12 (With telephone) ... According to latest information, the cleaning in districts of Erciş, Mount Süphan and Zeylân was completely finished ..."

Location Turkey
Date July 12/13, 1930
Target Kurdish civilians
Attack type: Massacre
Deaths: 5,000–15,000
Perpetrators: Turkish Armed Forces

The Zilan massacre[3][4] (Kurdish: Komkujiya Zîlanê,[5] Turkish: Zilan Katliamı[6] or Zilan Deresi Katliamı[7][8], etc.[9]) was the massacre[10][11] of thousands of Kurdish civilians by the Turkish Land Forces on the orders of İsmet İnönü[12] in the Zilan Valley of Van Province on 12/13 July 1930, during the Ararat rebellion in Ağrı Province.[13]

The massacre took place to the north of the town of Erciş on Lake Van. It was carried out by the IX Corps of the Third Army under the command of Ferik (Lieutenant General) Salih Omurtak. The number of people killed in the massacre ranges from 4,500 women and elderly[14] to 15,000.[15][16][17]

Background

After the Sheikh Said rebellion, on 8 September 1925, the Reform Council for the East (Turkish: Şark İslahat Encümeni) was established by Kemal Atatürk[18][19] and it prepared the Report for Reform in the East (Turkish: Şark İslahat Raporu),[20] which provided for special administrative arrangements for the Eastern areas and introduced the Inspector-General system.[18]

This plan forced Kurdish aristocrats and religious leaders to relocate to other parts of Turkey. On 17 July 1927, with the "Law on the Transfer of Certain People from Eastern Regions to the Western Provinces" (Turkish: Bazı Eşhasın Şark Menatıkından Garp Vilâyetlerine Nakillerine Dair Kanun), the target of the forced migration was extended.[21]

On 5 October 1927, in Greater Lebanon, the Kurdish nationalist organization Xoybûn was founded by former members of other Kurdish nationalist organisations such as Kürdistan Teali Cemiyeti, Kürt Millet Fırkası, and Comite de Independence Kurde, together with Kurdish intellectuals who took refuge in Iraq, Iran, and Syria, with the help of former members of the Dashnaktsutyun.

In 1927 Xoybûn (led by Celadet Alî Bedirxan, Kamuran Alî Bedirxan, Ekrem Cemilpaşa, Memdûh Selîm, and others) decided to promote Ihsan Nuri, a former officer in the Ottoman and Turkish armies, to general (pasha), and sent him to Erzurum with 20 comrades.

They published a newspaper named Agirî and, on October 8, 1927, declared the independence of the Republic of Ararat. Also in October 1927, Xoybûn made appeals to the Great Powers and the League of Nations, and appointed Ibrahim Heski, who was one of the chieftains of Jalali tribe, as governor of Agrî province.[22]

Cabinet decision

On 9 May 1928, the Turkish government enacted an amnesty law. Amnesty was offered to all oppositional Kurds willing to submit to the Kemalist government, and Kurdish nationalists were freed from prison.[23] However, attempts by the Turkish government at initiating meaningful negotiations failed. The Turkish government then decided to negotiate directly with Ihsan Nuri Pasha, but this effort was also in vain.[24]

On 29 December 1929, President Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) led the cabinet meeting, with participation of the Chief of the General Staff Fevzi Çakmak and İbrahim Tali Öngören, the Inspector General of the First Inspectorate-General. A decision was adopted (cabinet decision No. 8692) to begin a military operation against Mount Ararat in June 1930.[22][25]

Order of the General Staff

On 7 January 1930, General Staff of the Republic of Turkey sent an order to IX Corps (as follows) with the text of the cabinet decision itself:[22][25][26]

Villages inhabited by Kurds between Bulakbaşı and Şıhlı Köyü and places of refuge will be occupied. And let rebels debar from livelihood bases.

After cleaning the district of Kurds, follow towards the line of Ararat peak and establish garrisons in occupied territories.

Only mobile gendarmerie forces will winter between 1930 and 1931. In district no residential areas, except needs for gendarmerie regiments, will not be left.

In this wise, Kurds debarred from food and housing needs will be distributed or be forced to take refuge in Iran. In this case, problem will be solved with Iran.

The operation will begin in the last week of June 1930 and before the harvest season.

The commander of IX Corps will direct the military operation.
Postponement of the offensive against Mount Ararat

On March 18, 1930, Salih (Omurtak) was appointed the commander of IX Corps.[27] Armed hostilities were initiated by Turkish military against the Ararat insurgents on 11 June 1930. Xoybûn appealed for help for Kurds throughout Kurdistan. İhsan Nuri sent an offensive order to Îbrahîm Agha dated 18 June 1930.[28][29]

A Turkish Captain Zühtü (Güven), who was an officer of the 2nd Mobile Gendarmerie Battalion at Iğdır, got this order from a Kurdish rebel. There was wide response to the insurgents' appeal for help, and the Turks temporarily abandoned their offensive against Mount Ararat.[23]

On June 19–20, 1930, hundreds of rebels, led by the sons of Kör Hüseyin Pasha (former commander of the North group of the Hamidiye regiments) and Emin Pasha's sons, crossed the border from Persia and cut the telegraph line between Çaldıran and Beyazit.

More than one hundred of them raided the center of Zeylan district and the station of gendarmerie. They made their own tribesmen of the district join them.[30] This Kurdish offensive, and offensives at Patnos and Çaldıran, would be named the Zeylan Rebellion (Zeylân İsyanı or Zeylân Ayaklanması) by the Turkish authority.

According to Salih's official report dated 2 July 1930, about the situation in the north of Lake Van, 350–400 rebels led by Kör Hüseyin's sons and Emin Pasha's sons were in the Patnos area with the support of the surrounding villages of Sofu Mustafa, Kâni, Yukarı Romik, Çakırbey, Gürgüre, Haçlı, Koru, Harabe Kürk, and Çavuş.

About 400 rebels led by Seyit Resul were in the Zeylân area with the support of the surrounding villages of Şurik, Su Souk, Kadir Asker, Münevver, Sivik, Ağı, Dedeli, and Şeytan Ava. An unknown number of rebels led by Yusuf Abdal were in the Çaldıran area surrounded by the villages of Aşağı Çilli, Şeyh Rumi, Alikelle, Haçan, Kaymaz, Şeyh Sucu.[31]
Massacre[edit]

The Turkish army used two corps (VII Corps and IX Corps) and 80 aircraft for the cleaning operation from 8 July 1930.[32] Generally the date that the massacre took place was considered as 13 July 1930, but Yusuf Mazhar, who was the special correspondent of the daily Cumhuriyet (Turkey's most widely read daily paper in 1930-1940s), reported by telephone on 12 July 1930 "the cleaning in districts of Erciş, Mount Süphan and Zeylân was completely finished."[32][33]

According to the daily Cumhuriyet dated 16 July 1930, about 15,000 people were killed and Zilan River was filled with dead bodies as far as its mouth.[15][16][17][34]

On 15 July 1930, Ibrahim Tali Öngören, the general inspector of the First Inspectorate-General, explained that annihilation was performed by troops with people's help, more than thousand militias were lost, villagers who helped rebels were also annihilated.[35]

The British Foreign Office reported "The conviction here is that the Turkish 'success' near Ergish and Zilan were really gained over a few armed men and a large percentage of non-combatants."[36]
Witnesses[edit]

According to Nazi Erol, the wife of Şükrü (Erol) (eldest son of the chieftain of Bekiri tribe), her first child Salih and all of her women were killed. She survived the massacre because she was hidden under their corpses.[37]

According to Mehmet Pamak's grandfather, thousands of people—men, women, children and elderly—were massacred by machine-gun fire, and blood flowed out of the valley for days. Pamak's aunt (a baby) and his 80-year-old great-grandmother were bayoneted to death.[3]

According to Kakil Erdem, one of the living eyewitnesses of the Zilan massacre, thirty-five of his relatives were killed, and soldiers cut and opened the abdomen of a pregnant woman. Before his eyes, three of his relatives were scalped and two of his brothers were beaten to death.[38]
Aftermath[edit]

In Turkish media[edit]

The next morning’s edition of Cumhuriyet, then a state-linked newspaper, described the outcome of the operation in no uncertain terms. “The sweeping began. All those in the Zilan Valley were exterminated, and none of them survived.”[39]

Cultural influences

Musa Anter, for the first time, learned about and discussed the massacres of the Kurds, such as the Zilan massacre of 1930, the Dersim massacre in 1938, and the Thirty-three bullets massacre, when he published a journal entitled Dicle Kaynağı (Tigris Spring) with three other friends from Dicle Student Dormitory in 1948.[40]

Yaşar Kemal, one of Turkey's leading writers, learned about the Zilan Valley massacre during interviews in the 1950s and was influenced by the massacre.[7] He described massacres[41] in his novel entitled Deniz Küstü ("The Sea-Crossed Fisherman", 1978). The protagonist of the novel, Selim Balıkçı participated in the Ararat campaigns, was wounded in the face and transferred to Cerrahpaşa Hospital (İstanbul) for treatment.[42]

Zilan massacre and censorship

In 2007, Ercan Öksüz and Oktay Candemir, journalists working for the Dicle News Agency, interviewed 94-year-old living eyewitness Kakil Erdem and published the interview with the title "Zilan Katliamı'nın Tanığı Konuştu" (Witness of Zilan Massacre Talks).

The Van 2nd Criminal Court of First Instance tried the journalists for "inciting hatred and hostility".[43] In 2009, each of them received a prison sentence of 18 months.[4][44]

References

^ Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis' in Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi, Barbara Kellner-Heinkele, Anke Otter-Beaujean, Syncretistic Religious Communities in the Near East: Collected Papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and Comparable Sycretistic Religious Communities in the Near East in the Past and Present" Berlin, 14-17 April 1995, BRILL, 1997, ISBN 9789004108615, p. 13.

^ Martin van Bruinessen, "Zaza, Alevi and Dersimi as Deliberately Embraced Ethnic Identities" in '"Aslını İnkar Eden Haramzadedir!" The Debate on the Ethnic Identity of The Kurdish Alevis', p. 14.

^ Jump up to: a b Christopher Houston, Islam, Kurds and the Turkish nation state, Berg Publishers, 2001, ISBN 978-1-85973-477-3, p. 102. Interview with Mehmet Pamak, who was the founder and president of Conservative Party (Muhafazakâr Parti) that was founded in place of Nationalist Action Party (Milliyetçilik Hareket Partisi) banned by junta regime of 1980 Turkish coup d'état. Pamak is Kurdish origin and his family was exiled from Erciş to Çanakkale.

^ Jump up to: a b Freedom of the Press, Freedom of the Press 2010 Draft Report[permanent dead link], p. 2.

^ "Dewlet şopên komkujiya Zîlanê ji holê radike!". ANF News (in Kurdish). Retrieved 21 December 2019.
^
Ercan Öksüz, "Zilan Katliamı'ndan 8 Mart Şehidi'ne"[dead link], Gündem, April 2, 2008, Retrieved September 4, 2010. (in Turkish)

Mehmet Şevket Eygi, "Zilan katliamı" Archived August 19, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Millî Gazete, November 17, 2009, Retrieved August 16, 2010. (in Turkish)

M. Kalman, Belge, Tanık ve Yaşayanlarıyla Ağrı Direnişi 1926-1930, Pêrî Yayınları, 1997, ISBN 975-8245-01-5, p. 105.

Felit Özsoy, Tahsin Eriş, Öncesi ve Sonrasıyla 1925 Kürt Direnişi (Palu-Hanî-Genç), Pêrî Yayınları, 2007, ISBN 978-975-9010-57-7, p. 271. (in Turkish)

Nazan Sala, "Devlet Zilan Katliamı ile yüzleşmeli" Archived October 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Gündem, October 8, 2009, Retrieved August 18, 2010. (in Turkish)

^ Jump up to: a b Cengiz Çandar, ""Kürt açılımı"nı Ararat-Süphan ekseninde izlerken...", Radikal, July 31, 2009, Retrieved August 16, 2010. (in Turkish)

^ Cengiz Çandar, ""Kürt açılımı"nı Ararat-Süphan ekseninde izlerken...", Hürriyet, July 31, 2009, Retrieved August 16, 2010. (in Turkish)

^ The Zilan massacre in Turkish is also "Zilan Kırımı" in Ahmet Kahraman, Kürt İsyanları: Tedip ve Tenkil, Evrensel Basım Yayın, ISBN 978-975-6525-48-7, p. 322. (in Turkish) or "Zilan Deresi Kırımı" in Kemal Burkay, Anılar, belgeler, Cilt 1, Deng Yayınları, 2000, p. 8. (in Turkish)

^ Altan Tan, Kürt sorunu, Timaş Yayınları, 2009, ISBN 978-975-263-884-6, p. 275. (in Turkish)

^ Pınar Selek, Barışamadık, İthaki Yayınları, 2004, ISBN 978-975-8725-95-3, p. 109. (in Turkish)

^ "Zilan katliamı - Milli Gazete". 2010-08-19. Archived from the original on 2010-08-19. Retrieved 2020-11-29.

^ Osman Pamukoğlu, Unutulanlar dışında yeni bir şey yok: Hakkari ve Kuzey Irak dağlarındaki askerler, Harmoni Yayıncılık, 2003, ISBN 978-975-6340-00-4, p. 16. (in Turkish)

^ "Der Krieg am Ararat" (Telegramm unseres Korrespondenten) Berliner Tageblatt, October 3, 1930, ... die Türken in der Gegend von Zilan 220 Dörfer zerstört und 4500 Frauen und Greise massakriert. (in German)

^ Jump up to: a b Yusuf Mazhar, Cumhuriyet, 16 Temmuz 1930, ... Zilan harekatında imha edilenlerin sayısı 15.000 kadardır. Zilan Deresi ağzına kadar ceset dolmuştur... (in Turkish)

^ Jump up to: a b Ahmet Kahraman, ibid, p. 211, Karaköse, 14 (Özel muhabirimiz bildiriyor) ... (in Turkish)

^ Jump up to: a b Ayşe Hür, "Osmanlı'dan bugüne Kürtler ve Devlet-4" Archived 2011-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, Taraf, October 23, 2008, Retrieved August 16, 2010. (in Turkish)

^ Jump up to: a b Yadirgi, Veli (2017-08-03). The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey. Cambridge University Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-1-107-18123-6.

^ Üngör, Uğur. "Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950" (PDF). p. 244. Retrieved 19 April 2020.

^ Gunter, Michael M. (2018-08-06). Routledge Handbook on the Kurds. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-23798-3.

^ Naci Kutlay, "Cumhuriyet ve Kürtler", Toplumsal Tarih, Sayı: 160, Nisan 2007, pp. 27-28. (in Turkish)

^ Jump up to: a b c Mehmet Köçer, "Ağrı İsyanı (1926–1930)", Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 14, Sayı: 2, s. 385. Archived September 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (in Turkish)

^ Jump up to: a b Paul J. White, Primitive rebels or revolutionary modernizers?: the Kurdish national movement in Turkey, Zed Books, 2000, ISBN 978-1-85649-822-7, p. 78.

^ Wadie Jwaideh, The Kurdish national movement: its origins and development, Syracuse University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8156-3093-7, p. 212.

^ Jump up to: a b Faik Bulut, Devletin Gözüyle Türkye'de Kürt İsyanları, Yön Yayınları, 1991, p. 190. (in Turkish)

^ Cemşid Bender(in Turkish)

^ T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri, Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1972, p. 232. (in Turkish)

^ Emin Karaca, Ağır Eteklerinde İsyan: Bir Kürt Ayaklanmasının Anatomisi, 3. Baskı, Karakutu Yayınları, pp. 153-155. (in Turkish)

^ İhsan Nuri Paşa, Ağrı Dağı İsyanı, İkinci Baskı, Med Yayınları, 1992, pp. 80-82. (in Turkish)

^ Faik Bulut, ibid, p. 162. (in Turkish)

^ Faik Bulut, ibid, p. 167. (in Turkish)

^ Jump up to: a b Yönetim Zamandizini 1930 yılı, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İdare Tarihi Araştırması (TİDATA), Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Kamu Yönetimi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi: 2, Ankara, 2007, p. 180 (78th page of Pdf file Archived 2012-03-10 at the Wayback Machine) 12 Temmuz'da Zeylan deresi civarındaki eşkıya imha edildi. (in Turkish)

^ Yusuf Mazhar, Cumhuriyet, 13 Temmuz 1930, "Temizlik başladı: Zeylân deresindekiler tamamen imha edildi. Bunlardan tek bir kişi kurtulmamıştır. Ağrı'da harekât devam ediyor." Ankara 12 (Telefonla) --- Son malûmata göre Erciş, Süphan dağı ve Zeylân havalisinde temizlik tamamen bitmiş.... (in Turkish)

^ Ayşe Hür, "Bu kaçıncı isyan, bu kaçıncı harekât?" Archived 2012-09-18 at the Wayback Machine, Taraf, December 23, 2007, Retrieved August 16, 2010. (in Turkish)

^ Vakit, July 15, 1930. (in Turkish)

^ Robin Leonard Bidwell, Kenneth Bourne, Donald Cameron Watt, Great Britain Foreign Office, British documents on foreign affairs: reports and papers from the foreign office confidential print. From the first to the Second World War. Turkey, Iran, and the Middle-East, 1918-1939. The Turkish revival, 1921-1923, University Publications of America, 1997, ISBN 978-0-89093-603-0, p. 106.

^ Nevzat Çağlar Tüfekçi, "Akbük’ün Kürt ninesi", Radikal, October 26, 2008 (calls event "Zilan Deresi Kıyımı"), Retrieved September 9, 2010. (in Turkish)

^ "77 yıl önce yaşanan Zilan Katliamı'nın tanığı: Hamilelerin karnını deştiler, akrabalarımın kafatasını yüzdüler" Archived 2016-03-01 at the Wayback Machine, Dicle Haber Ajansı, September 21, 2007, 09:56, Retrieved August 18, 2010. "DİHA - Dicle Haber Ajansı" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2010-08-18. Retrieved 2010-08-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

^ "temezilik başladi zeylân deresindekiler tamamen imha edildi". Cumhuriyet. July 13, 1930. Retrieved June 23, 2021.

^ Ahmet Alış, "The Process of the Politicization of the Kurdish Identity in Turkey: The Kurds and the Turkish Labor Party (1961–1971)", Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History, Bosphorus University, p. 73.

^ Yashar Kemal, translated by Thilda Kemal (Serrero), The sea-crossed fisherman, Braziller, 1985, ISBN 978-0-8076-1122-7, p. 58, (Salih Pasha )......Every time one of his soldiers was killed by the Kurds, he'd go mad with rage and order the nearest Kurdish village to be set on fire and all its men shot.

^ Yashar Kemal, ibid, pp. 57, 58, 149 etc.

^ "2008 Raporu: TCK madde 125 - 220 Davaları", TİHV raporları, Retrieved September 10, 2010. (in Turkish)

^ "Üç Ayda 190 Düşünce Suçlusu!", Bianet, November 6, 2009,　Retrieved September 10, 2010. (in Turkish)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilan_massacre